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- BUSINESS, Page 58COVER STORIESHow to Build a Safer Reactor
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- All nuclear reactors work by splitting large atoms into
- smaller pieces, producing heat. The danger is that the nuclear
- fuel, unless properly cooled, can overheat and melt through
- containment walls, releasing radioactivity into the environment.
- Most commercial reactors guard against meltdown by ensuring that
- the fuel is always surrounded by circulating coolant, usually
- ordinary water. But what if a pipe bursts and the water is lost?
- Or if the water boils off? To prevent such mishaps, today's
- reactors have backup systems and backups to the backups. But no
- matter how many layers of redundancy are built into a
- conventional reactor, it can never be 100% safe from a meltdown.
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- Enter the new generation of nukes. Virtually every
- manufacturer has drawn up plans for power stations that are
- simpler to make, easier to run and demonstrably safer than the
- nuclear piles now in operation. While Westinghouse and General
- Electric are concentrating on improving their water-cooled
- reactors, many nuclear scientists are taking a different
- approach. One design, the so-called modular high-temperature
- gas-cooled reactor (MHTGR), has even won grudging support from
- the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), the most technically
- competent of the major antinuclear groups.
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- Proponents claim that the MHTGR (one type of which is
- shown here) is nearly idiot-proof. The key is to load a new form
- of nuclear fuel capable of withstanding very high temperatures
- -- up to 3,300 degrees F (1,800 degrees C) -- into reactor
- vessels so small that they cannot hold enough fuel to produce
- such temperatures. The fuel consists of tiny grains of enriched
- uranium that are coated in ceramic and embedded in billiard
- ball-size "pebbles" of graphite. The reactor needs no safety
- cooling system; helium gas flowing through the core simply
- carries away heat to power a turbine. Even if all the gas
- escaped, the core could not melt down. Lawrence Lidsky, an
- M.I.T. professor of nuclear engineering, calls such reactors
- "inherently safe" because they rely on the laws of nature rather
- than human intervention to prevent a major accident.
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- Critics are quick to point out that no reactor is really
- inherently safe; even the safest have their weak points. An
- analysis by the UCS last year concluded that a gas-cooled
- reactor designed by San Diego-based General Atomics was
- particularly susceptible to fires in the graphite that holds the
- fuel. And because the reactor had no containment structure, it
- was vulnerable to terrorists. Perhaps that is why the
- nuclear-power industry is quietly backing away from the
- "inherently safe" label. If anything disastrous happened to a
- reactor advertised as totally fail-safe, confidence in the
- technology might never recover.
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- -- By Philip Elmer-DeWitt. Reported by Robert
- Ajemian/Boston and Jeanne McDowell/Los Angeles
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